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Essay Writing Service That Exceeds Expectations Discover Below Writing and writing something something well will have a huge time discrepancy even if both writings are the same length. Just because you are able to finish something quickly doesn’t mean that’s the best way to do it. You might want your essay to be written quickly, but if it’s an important essay, taking your time will give you a better finished product. It’s better to find that you’ve still got time left over than to run out of time and end up dashing things off with a looming deadline. it’s time consuming, but any other estimate is bound not to be accurate since it’s so dependent on your handwriting. I have a writing assignment in school, and it is always helpful to know how many pages I will need. ” For some, it will only take a couple of months while for others it will take a lifetime. it also depends on the type of writing you’re doing. Some writing is easy and quick and other writing is difficult and requires huge amounts of research. Research, first draft writing, editing, and rewriting are all part of the writing process. I think the time it takes to do all of them should be counted in the time it takes. I need to find a wide font so I don’t have to write as many words to fill up the pages on my assignment. If you can send me in the direction of the best wide font to do this, that would be great. If you are given a writing assignment with a page number, the best thing to do is go directly to the person who made the assignment and ask for a word count. This will take away all the variations and help ensure your writing assignment meets expectations. Delete any irrelevant sections; improve expressions by changing the vocabulary. Now write up your final draft and submit it before the deadline. Read your essay aloud to yourself, since this will help you pick up any careless errors you wouldn’t otherwise spot. Check to see if your information flows logically from one point to the next and make sure that you’ve presented your information clearly. Some of us can just skim a piece and pick up all the salient points. Others will have to read with more attention, and even re-read a piece several times to extract the information we need. Having good reading and comprehension skills makes writing much faster since you’re able to “get” the facts faster and organize them better. If it’s for something informal and you simply need a general guideline, you can find it below. This is so arbitrary and will depend on the individual. It’s like asking the question, “how long does it take to write a book? I think that since teachers don’t give page assignments but only word count assignments, it’s difficult to imagine how many pages that will be. Do you know what fonts have the widest spacing so that they fill up the page more quickly? If you’re writing for grades and want a good one, you need a really good essay. Don’t start writing it the day before you have to hand it in. Try and get your first draft down at least a day or two before you have to submit your work. Things like paragraph size and headers need to be taken into account as well. This would depend heavily on how big/small you write. it’s like different fonts take up different amount of space on a page, so does your specific handwriting. The best way to know your per page word count would be to look at past pages and count the number of words you write for each page. Now you know why you had to do so many reading comprehension tests at school. Read and reread your paper to ensure the sentences are sensible and paragraphs flow into each other smoothly. Check the grammar, spelling, and punctuation make necessary corrections.

Essay Writing Service That Exceeds Expectations Discover Below

Essay Writing Service That Exceeds Expectations Discover Below Writing and writing something something well will have a huge time discrepancy even if both writings are the same length. Just because you are able to finish something quickly doesn’t mean that’s the best way to do it. You might want your essay to be written quickly, but if it’s an important essay, taking your time will give you a better finished product. It’s better to find that you’ve still got time left over than to run out of time and end up dashing things off with a looming deadline. it’s time consuming, but any other estimate is bound not to be accurate since it’s so dependent on your handwriting. I have a writing assignment in school, and it is always helpful to know how many pages I will need. ” For some, it will only take a couple of months while for others it will take a lifetime. it also depends on the type of writing you’re doing. Some writing is easy and quick and other writing is difficult and requires huge amounts of research. Research, first draft writing, editing, and rewriting are all part of the writing process. I think the time it takes to do all of them should be counted in the time it takes. I need to find a wide font so I don’t have to write as many words to fill up the pages on my assignment. If you can send me in the direction of the best wide font to do this, that would be great. If you are given a writing assignment with a page number, the best thing to do is go directly to the person who made the assignment and ask for a word count. This will take away all the variations and help ensure your writing assignment meets expectations. Delete any irrelevant sections; improve expressions by changing the vocabulary. Now write up your final draft and submit it before the deadline. Read your essay aloud to yourself, since this will help you pick up any careless errors you wouldn’t otherwise spot. Check to see if your information flows logically from one point to the next and make sure that you’ve presented your information clearly. Some of us can just skim a piece and pick up all the salient points. Others will have to read with more attention, and even re-read a piece several times to extract the information we need. Having good reading and comprehension skills makes writing much faster since you’re able to “get” the facts faster and organize them better. If it’s for something informal and you simply need a general guideline, you can find it below. This is so arbitrary and will depend on the individual. It’s like asking the question, “how long does it take to write a book? I think that since teachers don’t give page assignments but only word count assignments, it’s difficult to imagine how many pages that will be. Do you know what fonts have the widest spacing so that they fill up the page more quickly? If you’re writing for grades and want a good one, you need a really good essay. Don’t start writing it the day before you have to hand it in. Try and get your first draft down at least a day or two before you have to submit your work. Things like paragraph size and headers need to be taken into account as well. This would depend heavily on how big/small you write. it’s like different fonts take up different amount of space on a page, so does your specific handwriting. The best way to know your per page word count would be to look at past pages and count the number of words you write for each page. Now you know why you had to do so many reading comprehension tests at school. Read and reread your paper to ensure the sentences are sensible and paragraphs flow into each other smoothly. Check the grammar, spelling, and punctuation make necessary corrections.

Research Proposal About Obesity As A Complex Issue - 275 Words

Research Proposal About Obesity As A Complex Issue (Research Proposal Sample) Content: Obesity is such a complex issue that has become the topic of heated debates today. It is an illness of becoming fat or overweight. It is a physical problem that holds sway over the psychological and social effects on the affected individuals. It is true that everyone attributes the responsibility towards obesity to different parties. Yet, the issue depends on how to consider the phenomenon from different perspectives which could mirror the reality of the matter itself.The topic of obesity as it will be developed in the topic at hand stems from a lack of awareness on the part of different entities. Such awareness may be personal, social, psychological, and even economic. The victim here remains always the individual; he is prone to this illness more than any other entity. Solving the problem, that is looking for a solution to cure and prevent such an illness, does not happen overnight. The issue should be addressed seriously. One has to dig deep to understand the crux of the matter, therefore the responsible factors and sides triggering this phenomenon. In particular, obesity is cause by fast food restaurants and aggravated by our individual behaviors, that is, our personal choices. No matter how objectively or subjectively the topic of obesity will be tackled, residing in fast food restaurants and individuals as responsible entities would not be dispensed with.The anticipated audience of the very researched topic are people affected by obesity, people who have phobia of obesity, fast food restaurants workers and owners, and perhaps healthy people who curious enough to learn about the topic. Reading about something may help a lot in spreading awareness among individuals of different health issues.My main purpose is to bring to the fore how fast food restaurants are causative of increasing rates of obesity among individuals in a variety of ways such the bad quality of products, fruits and vegetables, the use of dirty cooking pans and tools, and th e inappropriate combination of dishes put on menus for customers. At the same time, the role of individuals in exacerbating obesity will be shown through the quality and quantity of food they choose to eat ...

Essay about The Case Against Corporal Punishment - 787 Words

The Case Against Corporal Punishment As the crime rate in our country grows, teaching our children right from wrong is one of the most important tasks facing educators. At some point or another, this task will require some sort of disciplinary action. In years past, schools used corporal punishment to discipline children. Connie Paige reports that, â€Å"According to U.S. Department of Education statistics, more than 600,000students were struck by teachers in public schools in 1990.† Studies show that in today’s society, corporal punishment does more harm than good here in the United States. Many states have recognized the problems associated with corporal punishment and have begun to phase it out of their system. Still, many states†¦show more content†¦Obviously this â€Å"taking sides† can lead to an unfair situation for the child. Another factor in the misuse of corporal punishment is that it is, or shall we say should be, a violation of the child’s rights. According to Carol Kreck, most states have laws forbidding the hitting of animals, prisoners, soldiers, and mental patients. It is astonishing that our children don’t share these same rights. Secondly, corporal punishment teaches the wrong lesson. According to Dr. Gil Simon, a Sacramento pediatrician, â€Å"†¦spanking teaches children that violence solves problems and stimulates more bad behavior† (Perkins). Children who are spanked also learn that hitting is an acceptable form of expressing anger (Haynes, 65). One might wonder if this might be the root of the violence problem in our society. If it is not the root, it is definitely an underlying factor. In recognition of this, many national organizations oppose corporal punishment. According to Kreck, these include The American Academy of Pediatrics, The National Education Association, The National Parent-Teacher Association, The American Bar Association, The American Medical Association, The Easter Seals Society, The National Coalition to Abolish Corporal Punishment in Schools, as well as many unnamed others. Dr. Irwin Hyman, Director of The National Center for the Study of Corporal Punishment andShow MoreRel atedEssay on Corporal Punishment1745 Words   |  7 PagesThe deciding factor in the future of corporal punishment is seen in the Ingraham v. Wright Supreme Court case. In 1970, James Ingraham, an eighth grade student of Drew Junior High School was one of the many beneficiaries of corporal punishment distributed by Willie Wright, the principal of the high school. The rationality behind Ingraham’s punishment was that he was slow to respond to his teacher instructions. As a result, his teacher sent him to the principal office where he bent over the tableRead MoreShould Parents Be Allowed to Spank Their Children1456 Words   |  6 PagesShould Parents Be Allowed To Spank Their Children? The inhuman act of corporal punishment at home that is discouraged globally by a number of pressure groups and social welfare organizations should be completely banned, and parents should be allowed to spank their children. Physical violence practiced on children also known as corporal punishment has been discouraged globally by a number of pressure groups and social organizations for a number of reasons with serious consequences for violatorsRead More Corporal Punishment in Schools Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesCorporal Punishment in Schools I wrote this paper for Contemporary Moral Issues class. This was an assignment of our choice and I chose to do this topic, because the week before in Intro to Education we had discussed discipline methods and I was astonished to learn that corporal punishment still existed in schools. I am hoping that by including this piece of work on my webfolio others will become aware that corporal punishment is alive and used often in our schools. In theRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1708 Words   |  7 Pagesviewpoint on corporal punishment; some of the reviews take a look at who is most affected by corporal punishment in terms of focusing their lens on race, socio-economic status, gender, culture etc. Some also take a critical look at the advantages and disadvantages of corporal punishment. Some take a look at the widespread of corporal punishment in the US. Cases against corporal punishment and the effect of corporal punishment on children were also looked into. With all the different ways corporal punishmentRead MoreNegative Effects Of Corporal Punishment1273 Words   |  6 PagesCorporal punishment is a type of negative reinforcement, something that has close to no positive effect on children; it also discourages integrity and does not prepare them for adulthood. Knowing this information, there is no justification for using violent punishment on children. However, there will still be some people who believe they need to hit their kids; it’s difficult to defy what we have been raised to believe. It does become substantially easier, though, once one is educated about the harmRead More Corporal Punishment Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesCorporal punishment is a very controversial topic that is being discussed amongst educators across the nation. Corporal punishment refers to any physical form of punishment, but in this case it refers to in schools. Currently there are many different terms used to label corporal punishment, for example, it has been called spanking, paddling, caning, lashing, popping, smacking, whipping or beating. Each term carries its own different meaning, but they all represents some form of corporal punishmentRead MoreCorporal Punishment919 Words   |  4 PagesCorporal punishment is a very controversial topic that is being discussed amongst educators across the nation. Corporal punishment refers to any physical form of punishment, but in th is case it refers to in schools. Currently there are many different terms used to label corporal punishment, for example, it has been called spanking, paddling, caning, lashing, popping, smacking, whipping or beating. Each term carries its own different meaning, but they all represents some form of corporal punishmentRead MoreCorporal Punishment in Schools Should Be Abolished1125 Words   |  5 PagesCorporal punishment in schools should be abolished Corporal punishment has been used in schools as a way of handling disciplinary problems. It refers to school rules which allow students to be punished using physical pain without causing injury. It is believed that using punitive method can promote students’ obedience and reduce problematic behaviour. As a result, it can decrease the number of disciplinary cases and maintain order inside the classroom. Indirectly, it will help to build students’Read MoreCorporal Punishment Should Be Banned1459 Words   |  6 Pagescourse, it is no surprise that corporal punishment against school going children is one of the most controversial topics throughout the globe, including within political, academic, and general public debates at large. A detailed review of available literature on the topic reveals that the academic discussion is divided into those who argue that corporal punishment is effective and necessary in schools, and those who argue that the risks and disadvantages of c orporal punishment far outweigh its benefitsRead MoreCorporal Punishment in Schools Should Be Abolished1141 Words   |  5 PagesCorporal punishment in schools should be abolished Corporal punishment has been used in schools as a way of handling disciplinary problems. It refers to school rules which allow students to be punished using physical pain without causing injury. It is believed that using punitive method can promote students’ obedience and reduce problematic behaviour. As a result, it can decrease the number of disciplinary cases and maintain order inside the classroom. Indirectly, it will help to build students’

THE DEVIL WEARS PRADA Essay - 2910 Words

Urban History – To what extent how do the urbanism theories applied on movie, â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada† in terms of creating the XXXXX Parima Introduction When we hear the name of the movie, The Devil Wears Prada, it may triggers you to imagine about the glory of the fashion industry. The story takes place in an urban city, New York where the heterogeneity and the trend of fashion is always created. The main characters in this movie, Andrea Sachs is a journalist who had just graduated from university and started working as the second assistant of the authoritative CEO of â€Å"Runway Fashion Magazine†, Miranda Priestly. The story mainly happens in between the two protagonists in the company with the theme of consumerism in the†¦show more content†¦Runway, the name of the fashion magazine company she works with, has transformed Andreas identity through out the story. This can be seen in the scene when Andrea asks Nigel, who is the Miranda’s fashion assistant to change her image after Miranda criticized on her look. After Nigel transform her, this change impact on her career and self-esteem. Since she changes the way she dresses, her personality is also changed. This had a strong influence to improve the relationships with her manager, Miranda. She is the representation of the capitalism’s ideal beauty myth, accepted the transformation of the protagonist. Another evidence showing that fashion gives a change on protagonists identity and personality is the saying of protagonist’s boyfriend, Nate. He prefers the way the main protagonist had been before the transformation. Since the accentuation of the protagonist’s apparel was shifted in the new community is changed, she become the ‘Runway girl’. From the aforementioned ideas above, it is well described that the film illustrates us the enormous influence on fashion to change ones identity. This idea can be connected to the theory mentioned by Georg Simmel. Under his theory, he referred to the flash speed of changes in fashion industry (Simmel p.187). â€Å"Fashion is a form of imitation and so of social equalization, but, paradoxically, in changing incessantly, it differentiates one time from another and one social stratum from another. ItShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Devil Wears Prada 2071 Words   |  9 Pages Women in Comedy: The Devil Wears Prada Before I start off with this analysis on women in comedy, I would like to point out my privilege, my male privilege to be exact. Although I label myself as a feminist my analysis on this topic may be askew because I am male and I am not directly affected by the actions of the sexist, misogynistic views of how society believes women should act. I will try my best to empathize, and put myself in their (women’s) shoes throughout the whole analysis. Women in comedyRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour: the Devil Wears Prada1584 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyzing how the characters, as individuals and groups, interact with one another allows for an understanding of â€Å"how people think, feel and act† within an organization, also referred to as the study of organizational behaviour. The movie The Devil Wears Prada, set at Runway fashion magazine in New York City, is the story of Andrea Andy Sachs, an aspiring journalist who gets the job that â€Å"a million girls would kill for †. She is hired as the second assistant to Miranda Priestly, the powerful and ruthlessRead MoreDevil Wears Prada Comparison Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesmovies are based on books, that contain the raw and limitless thoughts of authors. But, is the book always better than the movie? While comparing â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada† written by Lauren Weisberger, 2003 and the film adaptation â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada† screenplay by Aline Brosh McKenna, 2006, these concepts are explored. In â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada†, we are introduced to the protagonist- Andrea Sachs, an aspirational writer who has moved to New York to pursue her dreams. She lands a job at â€Å"Runway†Read MoreFilm Review : The Devil Wears Prada Essay2408 Words   |  10 PagesFilm Review: ‘The Devil Wears Prada’ Lesharia Pillay Grade 10M Film director: David Frankel Year of release: 2006 Lead actors: Meryl Streep (Miranda Priestly) Anne Hathaway (Andrea Sachs) Plot summary The Devil Wears Prada is a story that follows a 23 year old woman, Andrea (Andy) Sachs, who s fresh out of Northwestern University and aspires to be a journalist for the New Yorker. Andrea does an interview at Elias-Clark publications and learns that Miranda Priestly, the Editor In Chief ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Devil Wear Prada 2049 Words   |  9 PagesThe Devil Wear Prada is a movie about a fashion magazine company, the editor was Miranda Priestly, who is played by Meryl Streep. The star of the movie is Andrea Sachs, played by Anne Hathaway. Andrea sachs decide to look for a job at a Fashion magazine company named Runway. Her goal was to work there for a year and than move on. Andrea was hired and displayed Positive Organizational Behavior through out the movie â€Å"the study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths and psychologicalRead MoreLeadership and Management styles in The devil wears Prada2394 Words   |  10 Pagessacrifices are n’t worth the job she is in. Soon after a great reference from Miranda, Andy gets a job for a New York Newspaper, where she always longed to be as a journalist. I am writing this report based on the film: The Devil Wears Prada (2006), particularly observing the main character with evident traits of being a leader, named: Miranda Priestly (Meryl Streep). Emily Charlton (Emily Blunt) is also mentioned in the report for her managerial traits, however the focus on EmilyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maris Stella s The Devil Wears Prada 1752 Words   |  8 Pages Business Studies Film Review Maris Stella School By: Kenda Lang Released: June 30th 2006 Directed by: David Frankel Adaption of: The Devil Wears Prada the novel Lauren Weisberger: Story line and novelist Screenplay: Aline Brosh McKenna Genre: Drama/Romantic film Film Duration: 1hour 50minutes Lead Actors: Anne Hathaway Meryl Streep Emily Blunt Stanley Tucci Contents page: Cover Page- Read MoreEssay on The Devil Wears Prada Film Case Study1259 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Devil Wears Prada† Film Case Study â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada† is a movie about a naà ¯ve, yet smart young woman named Andrea Sachs, and her journey to becoming a journalist. Andrea, also known as Andy, graduated from Northwestern University and interviewed for a job at Runway, a major fashion magazine in New York City. Being a simple young woman, Andy wasn’t necessarily up to speed with the fashion industry, but ended up landing the job. Miranda Priestly, editor in chief at Runway hired AndyRead MoreOrganizational Structure and Culture: The Devil Wears Prada and Up In the Air924 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational structure and culture in the movies, I will use the Movie Up in the Air and The Devil Wear Prada movies to analyze a business scenario from them. Movies regularly illustrate a glimpse into the inner working of an organization. They analyze how the characters as individuals and groups interact with each other, how they think and feel about each other in an organization. The Devil Wears Prada is a 2006 comedy drama film by David Frankel that gives the viewers a picture of how it looksRead MoreThe Devils Wears Prada776 Words   |  4 PagesThe Devil Wears Prada by Lauren Weisberger is the story of Andrea Sachs, a 23 year old woman who aspires to write for The New Yorker one day. After graduating from Brown University and traveling Europe for the summer, Andrea returns home and looks for a job while staying with her friend Lily in New York. Andrea receives a call from Elias Clark, a major magazine publisher and is surprised to find that they have read her resume and would like to speak with her about a position they have available.

Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Expression Tinker V. Des Moines Essay Example For Students

Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Expression: Tinker V. Des Moines Essay What if you were suspended from school because of something you were wearing? Not only was the clothing or item appropriate, it was something you were fighting for or something you believe is right. Is this fair or okay for this to happen? There is a specific incident that this situation happened to a few teenagers in Des Moines, Iowa in December of 1965. A group of students wanting to wear black armbands throughout the holiday season was in for a wake up call. (FORTAS) These plans and or idea were quickly shot down by the high school principals. The principals caught wind of the teen’s plan, so there was a meeting a few days beforehand. The talk of the meeting was to ensure the teens that if they were to wear the black armbands a few days from then, they would be asked to remove the bands, if they refused, suspension would be given.(KELLY) Is this a violation of the First Amendment? The first amendment states some of the freedoms we have. These are freedom of religion and freedom of expression. These include the right to free speech, press, assembly, and to petition the government. The reason for wanting to wear the black armbands was to show their anti-war belief in the Vietnam War. Rebelling against the authority figures’ ruling, three students wore the armbands and got suspended. The students’ names are John F. Tinker, who was 15 years old at the time, Christopher Eckhardt, 16 years old, and 13 year old Mary Beth Tinker (John’s younger sister). Getting suspended, the students did not return until after New Year’s Day (FORTAS). â€Å"This case was significant because the justices stated, â€Å"students do not abandon their civil rights at the school house door.† The school is not allowed to limit a student or teachers first amendment rights. Student and teachers are now able to freely express their first amendment rights as long as it does not cause a disturbance to the classroom or school. If students were shouting and protesting in classrooms, the school would be able to step in because it causes other students to be distracted from their schoolwork.† (CALAGNA) Has freedom of speech changed since then? Some schools nowadays punish kids for online social media comments. (WHEELER) For example, if a student posts something on Facebook, and another kid comments on that status with a rude remark, the kid who posted it could take that to the principal’s office and the kid who commented on it could get in trouble. Some could say it was cyber-bullying, some could say it was just a witty/rude remark, not meant to be taken seriously. Is this a violation of free speech/expression? Another reason school authority figures have a lot of power over whether or not a student gets in trouble for what they say, posts, or wears, is that the school can discipline a student just because they personally or morally did not like the comment/post. Most of the time, the kids that get in trouble for something they post are in their own home, on their own laptop, during their free time outside of school. So why does the school have so much power over these situa tions the majority of the time? â€Å"The digital age, with its wonderful capacity to democratize speech, is so important to students’ rights, but also carries new and interesting threats to students’ rights,† Tinker says. â€Å"If we don’t encourage young people to use their First Amendment rights, our society is deprived of their creativity, energy, and new ideas. This is a huge loss, and also a human rights abuse.† (WHEELER) Upset with the school’s decision to suspend their children for a harmless simple freedom of symbolic speech, the parents decided to take this case to court. Confused about why all this was happening John Tinker states â€Å"The school board was trying to suppress and did suppress the expression of our ideas.† â€Å"I was sure we were right. We’d been taught about the Constitution and I was sure we had the right .† (GOLD) March 14, 1966 the claim was filed into Iowa’s U.S. District Court by the student’s lawyer. The First Amendment guarantees the right to free speech, and the Fourteenth Amendment states not to deprive anyone of â€Å"life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. Since this was a civil case, there was not a jury. The judge decided the final ruling. (GOLD) Presenting the court with the evidence and information, the District Court dismissed the complaint, stating that the school’s actions had been a disturbance of school discipline. (BONNER) On February 24, 1969 the Supreme Court ruled that the students’ school had violated their right to free speech, by suspending them. Fall Of Rome EssayThe government needs to inform the people about changes in the system concerning us and our well-being. Many cases I’ve read deal a lot with kids and teens and them not knowing exactly what is specified in the First Amendment and how they could get in trouble. In today’s world religion, free speech, politics, just about anything can be a controversial and an offensive touchy subject for many people today. This then defeats the purpose of our right to free speech. Because many people are afraid to get in trouble for something that they could potentially be scorned at for saying, a lot of people don’t express what they are feeling or truly believe in. On the other hand, there are tons of people who think and act on the complete opposite. All in all this case had a tremendous effect on what people thought or knew about the first amendment and the limits and restrictions it has, but that does not mean we the people have to stop doing what we belie ve in or stop talking. Works Cited ACLU. American Civil Liberties Union. American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU, 16 Mar. 2007. Web. 09 Apr. 2014. American Civil Liberties Union. American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU, 27 Feb. 2007. Web. 11 Apr. 2014. Bonner, Alice. Education for Freedom Lesson 8 Case Summary: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District. Education for Freedom Lesson 8 Case Summary: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District. The Freedom Forum., 5 June 1990. Web. 11 Apr. 2014 Calagna, Codi. Codi Calagnas E-Journal. Codi Calagnas E-Journal: Pedagogical Blogging. Codi Calagna, 28 Nov. 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2014. Fortas, Justice. Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969). Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969). Independent Community School District, 5 Oct. 2009. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. Gold, Susan D. Two Students Go to Court. Tinker V. Des Moines: Free Speech for Students. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 29-34. Print. Kelly, Martin. Tinker v. Des Moines. About.com American History. American History, 7 Apr. 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2014. Wheeler, David R. Do Students Still Have Free Speech in School? The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 07 Apr. 2014. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.

The Integration of Various Leadership Styles

According to Sharlow (2004), various settings demand leadership styles that successfully enable managers to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Work place leadership presents a variety of challenges that can best be addressed through the integration of various leadership styles. That was the case at university with leader-subordinate relationship discussed below.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Integration of Various Leadership Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The responsibility of the subordinates was to ensure university flower beds were watered on a daily basis. The supervisor was to ensure that assigned tasks were effectively done. By establishing strong subordinate leader relationships, the supervisor’s leadership abilities were effective. Challenging as situational leadership is, the supervisor, in the course of duty realized that different strategies could help him be an effectiv e leader to address the ever changing leadership needs and challenges presented at the work place. One specific challenge in executing daily duties was assigning duties. The supervisor had to assess the situation on the ground, create strong and good relationships with the employees to counter the specific challenge and likelihood of flower gardeners feeling inferior or incompetent. Effective situational leadership, according to the case study was a success since it was goal specific, relevant to the task at hand, and spanned around the supervisor’s experience and education. The supervisor demonstrated personal responsibility and learning and accumulation of knowledge. Many theories and models explain situational leadership approaches. One of these is the Goleman model. The model integrates â€Å"self awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills† (Sharlow, 2004). These aspects of leadership determine the manner in which the supervisor communicates with subordinates, how subordinates buy into the leadership process, determines individual and group participation, and how the supervisor delegates duty and supervises the manner in which duties are executed. Learning outcomes In the execution of duty, the supervisor could understand the effort required to establish a strong relationship with subordinates while role playing by directing employees on what they are required to do, when and how, and the need to design a work framework for efficient utilization of the workforce. Situational Leadership (2002-2010) affirms that leaders learn group dynamics and best strategy of group cohesiveness and group development. In addition to that, the leaders could appreciate the most effective approach of seeking for resources and effectively utilizing them and the support needed to efficiently run and manage the group. Another learning outcome is to understand group behavior in different societal settings, conflict resolution methodologies, and group motivational factors.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tapping on the strength of a group and defining roles for each member forms an indispensable learning outcome. The leader could comprehend the need to integrate other leadership models in effective group management. In addition, the leader could understand the effects of groupthink, the decision making process, and the morality principles upon which groups are founded. Learning objectives Learning points include effective leadership style, the influence of a leader’s knowledge referred as coaching groups, approaches to employee motivation and the role of a leader in exemplifying required subordinate behavior, the ability to motivate subordinates, variables in leadership approaches to meeting new challenges such as authoritative approaches to solving crisis situations, and the best approach in implementing si tuational leadership style (Situational Leadership, 2002-2010). Group dynamics, motivation, integration of individual education and experience, leader and led relations are among the learning outcomes for the supervisor. References Sharlow, B., 2004. Situational Leadership, Web. Situational Leadership. 2002-2010. Web. This essay on The Integration of Various Leadership Styles was written and submitted by user Spirit to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nursing scholary paper essays

Nursing scholary paper essays Mr. G, an advanced resident in Sunnybrook, who has swallowing problem, was fed breakfast by a nurse in the dining room. He seemed fatigue and fell sleep 5 minutes after feeding. I observed the nurse shaking his shoulder with her hand and speaking in loud matter: Wake up, open your mouth, hurry up. Values are important because they influence decisions and actions, including nurses ethical decision making.(Kozier,2002, P71) Here we can see that Mr.G felt tired and wanted to sleep rather than having breakfast. For the nurse, she felt upset and believed that proving nourishment at breakfast is fundamental to caring. Also, the breakfast is beneficial for him. It gives him energy and promotes his health. The nurse believes she is responsible in providing care for him and she has considers the safety issue in order to prevent his choking if he falls asleep during breakfast. A right is a claim or privilege to which one is justly entitled, either legally or morally. (Keatins Neil B,2000,P264) For Mr.G, he has the right to be treated with courtesy and respect. The nurse spoke loudly: wake up, open your mouth hurry up. This treated him like a child. He has the right to agree or refuse participation in any health care, once he knows the consequences of any of these decisions. However, he is responsible to work as a partner in the health care team and to follow the safety standards of the nursing home, to give his caregivers accurate information about his health and needs. For the nurse, she has the right to express her thinking and carry out the care in agreement with the patients and respect for the clients. She is responsible for providing, facilitating, advocating and promoting the best possible care for clients, seeking assistance and taking responsibility for errors including verbal, emotional and unprofessional behaviors toward clients. Therefore, sh e cant touch the cl...

Why the society are treat women differntly Essay

Why the society are treat women differntly - Essay Example For example, femininity in women is perceived as a disadvantage in issues concerning participation in industrial activities which require upper body strength. It is for this reason that it may be found out that most of the industries especially those involving manual processes such as pushing, pulling, lifting among others, are dominated by men. Consequently, men have over the years exploited these opportunities, which are numerous, to build themselves economically thereby leaving majority of women to depend on their male counterparts for support. This has facilitated men with an opportunity to exercise control and authority in terms of decision making and occupation of competitive positions in government and the society in general, leaving the women to act as subordinates and which is totally wrong (Friedman, 32). In addition, women are perceived to be emotional such that they cannot manage tasks such as management and leadership, which require emotional intelligence, and which is s ocially constructed belief contributing to occupational sex segregation (Butler 40). In this context, women are perceived to be biologically weak in that they cannot make viable decisions when they are under pressure or when they have personal issues disturbing them.

Exam Study Guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exam Study Guide - Essay Example Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a major piece of a legislation in the Progressive Era that was signed by the then President, Theodore Roosevelt which recognized the U.S. pharmacopeia and the national formulary as the standard authorities for drugs. Lewis Hine was an American sociologist and a photographer who used pictures and the camera as a tool for bringing social reforms to the U.S. his photographs played a key role in in changing the labor laws of the United States. Conservation Movement was aimed at preserving and protecting the American wildlife, , wild lands and other natural resources that took place between 1890 and 1920. The War of 1898, sometimes referred to as the Spanish-American War was a conflict between the Spain and the United States which resulted from the American intervention in the Cuban war of independence. Philippine War, commonly referred to as the Philippine war of independence was an armed conflict that took place between the United States and the Filipi no revolutionaries between 1899 and 1902. W.E.B. Dubois, a co-founder of the national association for the advancement of colored people was an American sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist, a pan Africanist, who coupled as both an author and an editor, born in February 23 1868. NAACP in an abbreviation for the national association for the advancement of colored people, which was an organization founded in 1909, to advocate for African-American civil rights Ida Wells Barnett was an African-American journalist, a newspaper editor, a suffragist, a sociologist and an early leader of the civil rights movement famous for documenting the article, lynching in the United States which showed how the blacks who chose to compete with the whites were punished. Committee on Public Information during World War I, was an independent agency of the government of the United States that was created with an aim of influencing the public opinion of the citizens of the American participation in the First World War. Post World War I â€Å"Red Scare† signified the increase of fear of imminent rise of communism or racial leftism that was commonly used by anti-leftist proponents, which in the United States was marked by revolution of the workers and the political radicalism. Immigrant Restriction Act of 1924 also referred to as the Johnson-Reed Act was a federal law of the United States which was enacted in 1921 that limited the number of people who could be admitted from any country in the world. Ku Klux Klan is an ongoing racist and anti-semantic movement that uses extreme violence to achieve the goals of racial segregation and white supremacy, founded in mid 1860s, whose members adopted white robes, masks and hats that were purposed at scaring people. Great Migration was the mass movement of more than 6 million African-Americans out of the rural states of southern America that took place for the most period of 20th century to the Northeast, Midwest and the West. H arlem Renaissance was a phase of larger New Negro movement which emerged in the early 20th century, and which ushered in the civil rights movement of the late 1940s and early 1950s, which blossomed in African American culture that mostly used creative arts. American automobile was the name given to the vehicles that were produced in America

Pearson Chemistry Notes Essay Example for Free

Pearson Chemistry Notes Essay 1. i. All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. 1. ii. Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element are different from those of any other element 1. iii. Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds 1. iv. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated from each other, joined, or rearranged in a different combination. Atoms of one element, however, are never changed into atoms of another element as a result of a chemical reaction. Sizing up the Atom Atoms are very small the radii of most atoms fall within the range of 5 x 10^-11 m to 2 x 10^-10m atoms can be seen in scanning electron microscopes atoms can be moved 4. 2 Structure of the Nuclear Atom Overview Lots of Dalton’s theory is accepted except that atoms can be divided Atoms can be divided into three subatomic particles Protons Neutrons Electrons Subatomic Particles Electrons Discovered by UK physicist J. J. Thomson (1856-1940) Are negatively charged subatomic particles. Thomson’s Experiment passed electric current through gasses at low pressure. Sealed the gases in glass tubes fitted at both ends with metal disks called electrodes electrodes connected to source of electricity one electrode called the anode became positively charged other electrode, called cathode, became negatively charged resulted in glowing beam called â€Å"Cathode Ray† that traveled from cathode to anode. Findings cathode ray is deflected by electrically charged metal plates positively charged plate attracts the cathode ray negatively charged repels it Thomson knew that opposites attract hypothesized that a cathode ray is a stream of negatively charged particles moving at high speed called particles â€Å"corpuscles†. Later called â€Å"electrons† Millikan’s Experiment US physicist Robert A. Millikan (1868-1953) carried out experiments to find the quantity of an electron’s charge. Oil drop experiment suspended negatively charged oil droplets between two charged plates. then changed voltage on the plates to see how it affected the droplets’ rate of falling he found that the charge on each oil droplet was a multiple of 1. 60 x 10^19 coulomb meaning it was the charge of an electron calculated electron’s mass Millikan’s values for electron charge and mass are similar to those accepted today. An electron has one unit of negative charge and its mass is 1/1840 the mass of a hydrogen atom Protons and Neutrons Four simple ideas about matter and electric charges 1. Atoms have no net electric charge; neutral 2. Electric charges are carried by particles of matter 3. Electric charges always exist in whole-number multiples of a single basic unit; that is, there are no fractions of charges. 4. when given a number of negatively charged particles combines wit an equal number of positively charged particles, an electrically neutral particle is formed.

The Hero Of Con Air :: essays research papers

The Hero   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie Con Air is a motivational movie. It is an action movie that can appeal to almost anyone. There are many factors in this movie and when combined all together, they give the movie a sense of unity. The theme and the purpose are similar and are intended to attract a wide variety of viewers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main theme of Con Air is heroism. Of course, as in most movies, the main character of Con Air displays many heroic acts. Cameron Poe is stuck on a plane transporting hardened criminals. The criminals take over the plane, forcing Poe to play the hero and â€Å"save the fucking day† as he so delicately puts it. For example, when Johnny 23, a serial rapist, attacks a woman guard in attempt to change his name to Johnny 24, Poe stands up and refuses to let the rape occur. Poe also displays his courage by refusing to give up or get off the plane until he successfully saves the innocent lives on board. Poe is not the only hero. Vince Larkin, an officer of the law also displays many acts of courage. He refuses to shoot the plane down because of the innocent victims on board. Another prisoner, Garland Green, a brutal serial killer, displays more courage. When he comes across a young girl playing alone outside her house, he has a chance to turn her into a victim. But, remarkably, he does her no harm. Not the typical heroic act, yet it still applies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Similar to the theme of heroism, is the purpose of Con Air. The purpose of this movie is to inspire people to do the right thing even when stuck in the worst environment. And what could be worse than Poe’s environment. As he describes it, â€Å"They somehow managed to get every creep and freak in the universe on this one plane, and then somehow managed to let them take it over and somehow managed to stick us right smack in the middle.† Yet he still manages to repair the damage done. Garland Green was also place in a vulnerable position, and he somehow manages to refrain from his killer instincts. These acts of heroism within the theme are effectively used to portray the purpose of inspiration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Add together the theme, purpose, and plot of this movie, and the total would create an effective movie with the capability of attracting a large audience.

Cheat Sheet for Strategic Management

M&A & Restructuring Strategies. Merger: Two Firms agree to integrate operations on relatively equal basis(usually 1 dominates another in mkt share/size/asset value) Hostile takeover: (delivers higher shareholder value than friendly acquires)(Preannouncement returns of hostile takeover anticipated with increase in bidder & target's share price). Diversification creates value by using excess resource. Restructuring used to correct with ineffective mergers/acquisitions. M used as means of growth to potentially lead to strategic competitiveness. ?ing ext env affect type of M used. M used cuz of uncertainty in competitive l. )Increase market power due to competitive threat 2)Spread risk due to uncertainty 3)Shift core biz to diff mkts 4)Manage industry & regulatory ? s. –> Increases strategic competitiveness & value. Shareholders of acquired firm earn above avg returns while shareholders of acquiring firm earn ~0 returns. Reflects investors' scepticism of projected synergies. Reaso ns for Acquisition 1)Increased mkt power(horizontal,vertical,related, sbjct to regulatory review & financial mkt analysis)able to sell good/service above competitive levels/costs of its primary or support activities lower than competitors.Buy competitor/supplier/distributer to Increase size, resource & capabilities. Horizontal Acq helps to exploit cost-based & revenue synergies. Better Most effective when integrate assets with acqed firm. Vertical Acqsitions controls additional parts of value chain. (CVS/Caremark)Related acquisitions(acqing firm in related industry). Create value thru synergy by integrating resource & capabilities. 2)Overcome entry barriers. Help gain immediate access to international markets. Higher the barrier, higher chance firm will acquire. )Cross-border acquisitions(made btwn companies with HQs in diff ctys) global M declined in financial crisis. Chinese companies seek horizontal cross-border acqtns of natural resource. India seek access to pdt innovation capa bilities & new br/distribution channels. 4)Cost of new product development & increased speed to mkt. Gain access to new pdts & to current pdts new to firm. Pharmaceutical firms. 5)Lower risk than developing new products. Acquisitions may become a substitute for innovation. Acquisitions shld always be strategic than defensive 6)Increased Diversification.Diff for companies to develop pdts that differ from current lines for mkts in which they lack experience. Acquisition strategies used to support unrelated & related diversification stgies. More related firms are, greater prob acq is successful. Horizontal & related acqs contribute more to strategic competitiveness. Cisco. 7)Avoid excessive competition 8)Reshaping firm's competitive scope(Lessen dependence on specific mkts) 9)Learn & developing new capabilities. Broadens their knowledge base & reduce inertia. Acquire good talent through cross-border acqtns.Seek to acquire diff but related & complementary capabilities to build own knowl edge base. Biological Drugs, AstraZeneca. Problems in achieving Acquisition success Greater success accrues to (select right target, avoid high premium by doing due dilligence, integrate operations,retain human capital to underst& target firm's operations) 1)Integration difficulties (cultures,diff financia & control systems, working relationships, resolve problems of status of acqed firm's executives) 2)Inadequate evaluation of target.Due diligence – Potential acquirer evaluates target firm for acquisition. Done by investment bankers,accountatnts,lawyers,mgmt consultants. Without due dilligence, purchase price is made by pricing of other ‘comparable' acquisitions than rigorous assessment of where,when,how mgmt can drive real perf gains. â€Å"bidding war† 3)Large & Extraordinary debt. Firms increase debt to finance acqtns. E. g. Junk Bonds. High debt increases chance of bankruptcy, downgrading credit rating & firm may divest some assets to relieve burden to remai n solvent. )Inability to achieve Synergy. Assets worth more when used tgt than seperately. Created by efficiences from EOS, EOSC & sharing resources. Private synergy(combining & integrating target firm & acquiring firm's assets yield capabilities & core competencies that couldn't be developed by integrating either firm's assets with another firm. Transaction costs to acquire & create synergies (indirect & direct) 5)Overdiversification Related diversification outperforms unrelated.Related diversification req more info processing, thus being overdiversified with smaller no. of biz units than unrelated. Scope created by over diversification causes mangers to rely on financial than strategic controls. Tendencyfor acquisitions to become substitutes for innovation. 6)Managers over focus on acqusitions Managers need to: search for viable c, complete due dilligence, prepare negotiations & manage integration process, can divert attention. 7)Too large –> Bureaucratic controls, stifling innovation.Effective Acquisitions Complementary Assets/resources(meet current needs to build competitiveness, high synergy & competitive advantage), Friendly acquisitions(lower premiums,faster & effective integration), Due dilligence(overpayment avoided), Maintain Financial slack(Acquired firm has slack, financing is easier/cheaper), Low-moderate debt(lower risk/financing cost),Sustained emphasis on R of acqing firm (maintain LT CA in mkts), Acqing firm is flexible (faster/effective integration for synergy) Restructuring (firm ? s its set of biz or financial structure).Deal with failure of acquisition/? s in ext or int env. Downsizing (reduction in no. of employee/operating units but may change the composition of biz in company portfolio) used when paid too high premium, reduce duplicate functional jobs. Downscoping(divesture,spin-off to eliminate biz unrelated to firm's core biz) Refocus on core biz Leverage Buyouts(party buys all of firm's assets with debt to take firm private). Restructure & sell. Management buyouts, Employee buyouts, whole-firm buy outs(purchase whole than part of firm). MBOs lead to downscoping, strategic focus, improved performance.Downsizing-;reduced labour costs(ST) -; loss of human capital/lower performance(LT). Downscoping-; reduced debt costs/emphasis on strategic controls(ST)-;higher performance(LT). LBOs-;emphasis on strategic controls/high debt cost(ST)-;higher performance/risk[creates ST & risk-averse managerial focus](LT) International StrategyRationale for international diversification is to extend product life cycle. 4 benefits of using international strategy: 1)Increase market size (size of international mkt affect firm's willingness to invest in R&D to build CA in that mkt.Firm prefer to invest more in cty with scientific knowledge&talent to produce value creating product & processes 2)increased EOS & learning (Firm able to exploit core competencies through resource&knowledge sharing btwn units & network partners across bo rders. New learning opportunities. BUT, firms need to have strong R&D system to absorb knowledge) 3)develop CA through location(lower basic cost of gds/services. Gain access to critical supplies/customers. Reduce liability of foreignness if low cultural distance) 4)return on investment (Generate above-avg ROI) International BL Strategies(cost leadership, differentiated, focus, integrated).Determinants of National Advantage: 1)Factors of production. Basic Factors. Advanced Factors(digital comm systems & educated workforce). Generalized factors(highway system/ss of debt capital). Specialized Factors(skilled personnel in specific indsty). 2)Dem& conditions(nature/size of buyer's needs in home market for industry's gds/services) Large mkt sgmt produce dem& to create scaleefficient facilities. 3)Related & Supporting Industries (Italy's leather-processing industry provides leather to produce shoes. Supporting indstry & design services contribute to success of shoe industry.Cameras & copie rs are related industries in Japan) 4)Firm strategy, structure & rivalry(Germany technical training system for continuous product & process improvements. Italy designers. Japan cooperative & competitive systems facilitate cross-functional management of complex assembly operations. US compt btwn computer & software producers increase development). The factors are likely to produce CA when firm develops & implements an appropriate strategy that take advantage of distinct cty factors. International CL Strategy (scope of firm's operations thru pdct & geog diversification) Unilever Multi-domestic Strategy.Decentralized decisions to SBUs. ! less knowledge sharing for firm as a whole =(no economies of scale,costly. Global strategy(centralized control at home office. SBUs interdependent to achieve integration across bizs) EOS. =( forgo growth opp in local mkts. CEMEX Transnational Strategy Flexible Coordination is required-Building shared vision & individual commitment thru integrated netwo rk. Starbucks China Environmental Trends :Liability of foreignness relative to domestic competitors. Regionalization(more similar culture, legal social norms)EU & NAFTA promotes regionalization.Internatonal Entry Mode 1)Exporting (exporters must establish some means of marketing & distribution) ! high transportation costs, tariffs, less control of products, pay distributer fee,diff to market competitive product/provide customization to international mkt, Exchange rates volatility. 2)Licensing (purchase right to manufacture/sell firms pdts by paying a royalty)~exp& returns based on prior innovation. low cost, low risk ! little control, low returns. 3)Strategic Alliances(uncertain env) ~shared costs/risks/resources, gain access to new technologies, no tariffs! roblem integrating btwn partners (2 cultures) 4)Acquisitions(quicker) ~quick access to new mkt ! high cost(debt), complex negotiations, prob merging with domestic operations 5)New Wholly Owned Subsidiary(Green Field venture) ~Ma x control, potential above-avg returns ! complex, costly, time consuming, high risk. Export,licensing & strategic alliance good for early market development. Joint venture/greenfield venture -> IP rights not protected, high need for global integration, growing no. of competitors. Strategic competitive outcomes 1)Enhanced returns.Decrease initially, then increase. Diversifying geographically into core biz areas positive effect on stock price. Offshore outsourcing created sig value-creation opp as firms move into flexible labor mkts. 2)Enhanced innovation. Exposure to new pdcts & mkts. Opp to integrate new knowledge into operations. Generation of resources to sustain innovation. Risks in international environment 1)Politcal Risk. Govt instability/regulations/corruption/conflict/war/conflicting & diverse legal authorities/potential nationalization of private assets/? s in govt policy 2)Economic risk.Govt oversigh & control of economic&financial capital/weak IP rights&protections impact FDI/terrorism/investment losses from political risk/security risk of foreign firms acquiring key natural resources or strategic IP. Cooperative Strategy(shared objective) Strategic alliance(firms combine resources&capabilities to create CA) Leverage existing resource/capabilities to develop additional resources/capabilities for new CAs. Collaborative/relational Advantage-CA developed through a cooperative strategy. 3 Types of Strategic Alliances: 1)Joint Venture.Siemens AG & Fujitsu -> Fujitsu Siemens Computers (Own equal % & contribute equally. 2 or more firm create legally independent company to share some resources/capabilities to develop CA). Optimal when firms need to create a CA that is diff from individual advantages & when highly uncertain hypercompetitive markets are targeted. 2)Equity. Baidu & Japanese telecom operator NTT DOCOMO (2or more firms own diff % of company they formed to create CA, e. g. many FDIs such as companies from multiple countries are making in China) 3 )Non-equity. HP (2 or more firms develop contractual relationship to create CA.Firm DOES NOT establish separate independent company thus don't take equity positions)-; less formal, fewer commitments & no intimate relationship. E. g. licensing/distribution agreements & supply contract. Reasons firm develop Strategic Alliances Allow partners to create value they couldn't develop alone & to enter markets faster with greater penetration. Firms lack full resources & capabilities to reach their objectives. Slow cyclemkt: Gain access to restricted mkt. Establish a franchise in a new mkt. Maintain mkt stability(establishing st&ards). Fast-cycle mkt: Speed up development of new goods/services.Speed up new market entry. Maintain market leadership. Form an industry technology st&ard(). Share risky R&D expenses. Overcome uncertainty. St&ard-cycle mkt: Gain mkt power(reduce industry overcapacity). Gain access to complementary resources. Establish better EOS. Overcome trade barriers. Meet competi tive challenges frm other competitors. Pool resources for large projects. Learn new biz techniques. BL Cooperative Strategy 1)Complementary Strategic Alliances (Vertical, horizontal) -firms share r&c in complementary ways to develop CAs. More value-creating than other strategies.Vertical(from diff stages of value chain e. g. Nintendo) Horizontal(same stage(s) of value chain to create CAs. ) 2)Competition response strategy(to competitor's attacks). Becuz they can be diff to reverse & exp t operate, strategic alliances are formed to take strategic than tactical actions to respond to attacks. 3)Uncertainty reducing strategy (new pdt mkts/emerging economies 4)Competition-reducing strategy (explicit/tacit collusions) Tacit collusion – Firms in industry indirectly coordinate their production & pricing decisions by observing each other actions/responses.Results in output below fully competitive levels & above fully competitive prices. !reduce service quality, on-time performance. Mu tual forbearance- Form of tacit collusion where firms dont take actions against rivals they meet in multiple mkts. Assessment: R integrated MUST be VCRN. vertical strategy have greatest probability of creating sustainable CA. CL Cooperative Strategy. Firm use this strategy to diversify in pdts offered/markets served. Diversify by means other than M. Require fewer resource commitments, greater flexibility. 1)Diversifying S/A !Highly diverse network of alliances can lead to poorer performance by partner firms. 2)Synergistic S/A(create EOScope across multiple functions/bizs btwn partners) 3) Franchising (contractual relationship to describe/control sharing of its R with partners) Advantages: Attractive strategy for fragmented industry(retailing,hotels,motels) where large number of small/med firms compete without one having a dominant share. Assessment: Alliance costs needs monitoring. International Cooperative Strategy 1)Cross-border alliance(firms with HQs in diff nations decide to co mbine some R to create CA & value).Incentives: limited domestic growth opp, foreign govt economic policies. China & India have strong preference to license local companies. Strategic alliance with local partners help firms overcome liability of foreignness. Operational advantages due to local market information. Network cooperative strategy (several firms form multiple partnerships to achieve shared objectives) Particularly effective when formed by geographically clustered firms. Gain heterogeneous info & knowledge from multiple sources. ! lock in partnerships precluding alliance with others.Stable Alliance network (mature industries where dem& is constant & predictable) Built primarily to exploit EOS/EOScope existing btwn partners e. g. airline industry Dynamic Alliance Network (frequent product innovations & short pdct lifecycle) Competitive risks: Inadequate contracts. Misrepresentation of competencies. Partners may act opportunistically. Partners fail to use their complementary resources. Holding alliance partner's specific investments hostage. Risk&Asset Management Approaches:Detailed contracts & monitoring. Develop trusting relationships -> create value.Managing cooperative strategies: Cost minimization(Firm develops formal contracts with partners specifying how strategy is to be monitored & how partner behavior is controlled) Opportunity maximization(Maximize partnership's value-creating opportunities) Corporate Governance – Set of mechanisms used to manage the relationship among stakeholders & to determine & control the strategic direction & performance of organizations.. It is concerned with: Strengthening effectiveness of company's board of directors. Verifying transparency of firm's operations. Enhancing accountability to shareholders.Incentivizing executives. Maximizing value creation for stakeholders & shareholders. Separation of Ownership & Managerial control. Allows each group to focus on what it does best: Shareholders bears risk that fi rm's expenses exceed revenue (shareholders will hold a diversified portfolio to diversify risk). Managers formulate & implement strategy & decision-making. Agency relationships(between firm's owner & top-level managers) Managerial opportunism seeking self-interest with deceit. An attitude & set of behaviors. Prevents maximization of shareholder's wealth.Product Diversification as Agency Problem 1)Diversification increase size/complexity & thus managerial compensation. 2)Reduces manger's employment risk as a firm & its managers are less vulnerable to reduction in dem& associated with a single/limited no. of product lines/bizs. 3)Managers have control of firm's free cash flows which they invest to diversify instead of giving to shareholders. Shareholders like a diversified position between dominant & related-constrained diversification strategies. Shareholders prefer riskier strategies & more focused diversification. Managers prefer higher levels of product diversification.Managers ma y prefer level of diversification that maximises firm size & compensation while reducing employment risk. Agency costs – sum of incentive/monitoring/enforcement costs, individual financial losses incurred by principals because of agents. 3 internal governance mechanism 1)Ownership Concentration (No. of large-block shareholders & total percentage of shares they own) X Diffuse ownership (large number of shareholders with small holdings & few large-block shareholders) Large-block shareholders are active in their dem&s that corporations adopt effective governance mechanisms.Ownership of many modern corporations now concentrated in h&s of institutional investors than individual shareholders. Institutional owners (financial institutions that control large-block shareholder positions) They are powerful governance mechanism. They have both size & incentive to discipline ineffective top-level managers. 2)Board of Directors (group of elected individuals to formally monitor & control ma nagers in order to act in owner's best interests) Insiders – Firm's CEO & other top-level managers. Related outsiders – Individuals not involved with firm's daily operations but have relationship with firm.Outsiders – provide independent counsel to firm & may hold managerial positions in their company. Outsiders have no firm info & thus emphasize use of financial than strategic controls to evaluate firm. Shifts risk to managers who make decision to maximise their interest & reduce employment risk. Enhance effectiveness of BOD 1. Increase diversity 2. Strengthen internal management & accounting control systems 3. Establish consistent use of formal processes to evaluate BOD performance 4. Creation of ‘lead director' 5. Compensation of director, reduce stock options. )Executive Compensation Use LT incentive plans. Effectiveness: don't link pay to financial outcomes. Manager may focus ST effects to enhance pay. Other factors also affect firm's performance whic h are not under manager's control. Market for Corporate Control (external governance mechanism. The market is a set of potential owners seeking to acquire undervalued firms & earn above average ROIs by replacing ineffective top-level management teams) Used only when internal controls fail. â€Å"Golden parachutes† help them leave while â€Å"Golden hellos† help them to get in the door of the next firm.Hostile Takeover Defensive Strategies â€Å"Poison pill† allows shareholders to convert their rights into large no. of common shares if anyone acquires more than set amount of target's stock to dilute percentage f shares acquiring firm must purchase at premium. Litigation – Lawsuits that help target company stall hostile attacks e. g. antitrust,fraud. Greenmail – repurchase of stocks from agressor at premium for agreement to no longer be targeted for takeover. Standstill agreement – Contract btwn parties in which pursuer agrees not to acquire a ny more stock for specified period for a fee.Capital structure change – Dilution of stock, making it costly for bidder to acquire e. g. recapitalization, new debt, share buybacks, stock selling) Corporate charter amendment – Ammendment to stagger elections of members to the BOD of attacked firm so that all are not elected same year, preventing bidder to install new board in same year. Corporate governance in Germany: 2 tiered board structure, place responsibility of monitoring & controlling managerial decisions & actions with separate groups. Banks exercise sig power as source of financing. Power sharing includes representation from community & unions.Corporate Governance in Japan: Cultural concepts of obligation, family & consensus. Close relationship btwn stakeholder & company through cross-shareholding can negatively impact efficiencies. Keiretsus: Strongly interrelated groups of firms tied tgt by cross-shareholdings. Banks are highly influential with firm's manager s. Global Corporate Governance: Relatively uniform governance structures, moving closer to US corporate governance model. Organizational Structure & Control. Organizational Structure – Specifies firm's formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, authority & decision-making processes.Curcial to match structure with strategy! Controls guide the use of strategy, indicate how to compare actual results with expected results, & suggest corrective actions to take when the difference is unacceptable. Strategic Controls – Largely subjective criteria intended to verify that the firm is using appropriate strategies for theconditions in the external environment & the company’s competitive advantages. Strategic controls are concerned with examining the fit between: What the firm might do (opportunities in its external environment) What the firm can do (competitive advantages).Evaluate the degree to which the firm focuses on the requirements to implement strategy: B L:primary activities. CL(related): sharing of knowledge, markets, technologies across bizs. Financial Controls objective criteria used to measure firm's performance against previously established st&ards. Focus on ST outcomes. ROI, ROA, EVA(economic value addedmarket based measure). ! produces risk-adverse managerial decisions. Essential for unrelated diversification! Simple Structure (owner manager makes all major decisions & monitors activities) Few rules, limited task specialization, basic tech system.Functional Structure(CEO & limited corporate staff make decisions. Functional line managers present. functional specialization from active sharing. ! impedes comm. & cordination among functional areas. Multi-divisional Structure. Operating divisions represent separate biz / profit center. Top corporate officer delegates responsibilities for daily operations & business unit strategies to division managers. ~Ties together all operating divisions. Enables more accurate monitoring of p erformance of each unit. Facilitates comparisons between divisions.Stimulates managers to look for improvements. Matches between BL strategies & Functional Structure 1)For cost leadership strategyWalmart (simple reporting structure, few layers in decision-making & authority, centralized in a staff function. Job specialized.. 2) For differentiation strategy. Complex & flexible reporting relationship, freq use of cross-functional product development teams, strong focus on mkting & R&D. Few formal rules & procedures. Jobs not specialized. Decentralized. 3)For integrated cost leadership/differentiation strategy.Diff primary & support activities emphasized. Match between CL Strategy & Multi-divisional Structure(M-form) 1)Cooperative form for related-constrained. Centralized at corporate office; Extensive use of integration mechanism; emphasis on strategic criteria; linked to overall corporate performance. Frequent direct contact btwn division managers. Liason roles in each divisions redu ce time integrating with work occurring in other divisions. Matrix Organization might be formed(dual structure combining both functional specialization & biz product or project specialization.Cooperation among divisions implies loss of managerial autonomy -> managers hesitatnt to cooperate. Use strategic controls to evaluate manager on how well they cooperate. 2)SBUForm for related-linked strategy ! coordination between SBUs is hard. Diff to communicate complex biz model to shareholders. 3)Competitive form for Unrelated Diversification Strategy Decentralized to divisions; no integration mechanism; emphasize on financial criteria; linked to divisional performance. Finance & Auditing & Legal Affairs 2nd tier. Divisions 3 tier. ~internal competition creates flexibility; resources allocated to most potential division.Challenges the status quo & inertia. Motivates efforts due to funding if u are an efficient division. Matches btwn International Strategies & World-wide structure 1)Worldwi de Geog Area for Multidomestic Strategy. Decentralization to business units in each country. No integration mechanisms. Informal coordination ! inability to create global efficiency 2)Worldwide Product Divisional Structure for Global Strategy. Aims to gain EOS & EOSC;Centralized. Integrating mechanism important(e. g. Direct contact btwn managers, liaison roles btwn departments). inability to quikly respond to local needs & preferences; difficulty in coordinating decisions across borders. 3)Combination Structure for Transnational Strategy Global Matrix. ~flexibility in designing products & responding to customer needs. ! employee accountable to 2 boss. Difficult to be simultaneously loyal to both. Can be member of several functional or product group teams. Difficult & time consuming for approval. Hybrid Structure. (some divisions oriented to products while others oriented toward market areas) Matches btwn Cooperative Strategies & Network Structures.Strategic network (group of firms f ormed to create value by participating in multiple cooperative arrangements) can be a form of CA when operations create value that is hard to imitate. Used to implement BL, CL & International Strategies. Strategic center firm(main firm) does: Strategic outsourcing, seek ways to support members effort to develop Core competencies, Manage development & sharing of technology-based ideas(req formal reports of technology-orientated outcomes of their efforts),Emphasizes principal competition are btwn value chains & between networks of value chains.Centralized. Strategic network for BL Cooperative Strategy(horizontal,vertical Chp 9), CL Cooperative Strategies & International Cooperative Strategies(Distributed strategic networks -Several regional strategic centre firms are included in dist network to manage partner firms' multiple cooperative arrangements)